Cutaneous and articular tuberculosis in a renal transplant recipient

Abstract Seven months after undergoing kidney transplantation, a 56-year-old woman presented with papules and ulcers in her right forearm. The patient received antibiotics for 8 months with limited improvement. Eleven months after symptom onset, she presented with acute arthritis in her left knee. Asynovial fluid culture yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a forearm ulcer biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation. After surgical fistulectomy and 12 months of tuberculosis treatment, she was cured. Chronic cutaneous ulcers and articular manifestations in TB are rare, but they should always be considered in the differential diagnosis for immunosuppressed patients. Surgical intervention and prolonged treatment might be necessary.

Sacroileítis tuberculosa: Reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Sacroiliac joint tuberculosis. Case report and bibliographic review

La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas infecciosas de muerte en el mundo, pese a que existe un tratamiento específico. La sacroileítis representa el 10% de la afectación ósea en la tuberculosis y sigue siendo una entidad de difícil diagnóstico y de tratamiento controvertido. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 40 años, que comienza con dolor lumbar bajo, asociado a tumoración y fiebre. Luego de una demora inicial se llega al diagnóstico por punción biopsia. Recibe tratamiento médico. El conocimiento de esta enfermedad facilitará el diagnóstico temprano y su tratamiento. Se discuten la presentación clínica, los métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico y el tratamiento, y se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de la enfermedad. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Tuberculosis is a worldwide known cause of death, even nowadays with specific treatment. Tuberculosis of the sacroiliac joint represents 10% of bone involvement in this disease; diagnosis still remains a challenge, and treatment is controversial. We present a 40-year-old woman with lower back pain, fever and a lower back mass. After an initial delay, diagnosis of tuberculosis of the sacroiliac joint was established by fine-needle aspiration of the joint. Awareness of this particular presentation will facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. Clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed, and a bibliographic review of this entity is made. Level of Evidence: IV

Tuberculosis de la cadera: Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hip tuberculosis: Case report and literature review

Osteoarticular tuberculosis is a rare complication of the disseminated disease and appears, in different series, between 10% to 20%, trough hematogenous spread. Tuberculosis hip involvement is less than 10% of all the cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis. The diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in samples obtained from joint fluid or synovial membrane biopsy by direct examination and culture, in order to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Here, we present a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who developed a disseminated tuberculosis with affection of the hip in the context of the immunodeficiency related with the retrovirus.

La tuberculosis osteo-articular es una localización infrecuente de las formas diseminadas de la enfermedad tuberculosa. Su incidencia, según las distintas series, oscila entre 10% y el 20%. Su patogenia es la diseminación por vía hematógena. La coxitis o afección tuberculosa de la cadera representa menos de 10% de las TB osteo-articulares. El diagnóstico se confirma con la detección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en las muestras obtenidas del líquido articular o la biopsia de la membrana sinovial a través del examen directo y el cultivo. Presentamos un paciente con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) que desarrolló una TB diseminada con compromiso de la cadera en el contexto de su inmunodeficiencia.

Diagnóstico genotípico y fenotípico de tuberculosis ósea y miliar en un paciente positivo para HIV en Bogotá, Colombia / Phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of bone and miliary tuberculosis in an HIV+ patient in Bogotá, Colombia

La tuberculosis se considera la causa más frecuente de muerte producida por un solo agente infeccioso. El diagnóstico de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar no siempre es posible mediante los métodos convencionales debido al lento crecimiento del bacilo y a la naturaleza paucibacilar de las muestras, por lo que es necesario recurrir a las técnicas moleculares. El riesgo de tuberculosis, así como la mortalidad, aumenta en los pacientes con infección por HIV, en quienes el compromiso extrapulmonar es más frecuente. Se describe el caso de un hombre mestizo de 56 años de edad con sospecha de padecer tuberculosis, que asistió a consulta en el Hospital San Ignacio de Bogotá y relató haber tenido dolor en una lesión ulcerada localizada en el tercio distal del antebrazo derecho durante los dos meses anteriores y en quien se confirmó la infección por HIV. El examen histológico de los tejidos óseo y pulmonar demostró la presencia de granulomas múltiples, células gigantes y fibrosis. Tanto los cultivos como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la secuencia de inserción 6110 ( insertion sequence , IS6110) fueron positivos. Los aislamientos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis recuperados fueron sensibles a los medicamentos antituberculosos de primera línea.

Tuberculosis is the single most frequent cause of death by an infectious agent worldwide. Diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is not always possible through conventional methods, due to the long time required for cultures and the paucibacillary nature of samples; hence the need of rapid molecular methods. HIV infection increases the risk of tuberculosis, and HIV/tuberculosis coinfection is associated with higher mortality. We describe the case of a 56-year old mestizo male patient suspected of having tuberculosis who consulted the San Ignacio Hospital in Bogotá with a two-month history of a painful ulcerated lesion over the distal third area of the right forearm and in whom HIV coinfection was confirmed. Bone and pulmonary histological examination evidenced multiple granulomas, giant cells and fibrosis. Cultures and IS6110-PCR from lung and bone tissues were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were sensitive to first line drugs.

Infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en una prótesis de cadera, reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a hip prosthesis, a case report and literature review

Infection is the most serious complication of arthroplasty. It's a rare event usually caused by Staphylococcus spp. Prosthetic tuberculosis is rarely reported. We report the case of a 41 year-old patient who underwent a hip replacement for osteoarthritis and after multiple procedures an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was documented. We review the literature of previously reported cases.

La infección es la complicación más seria de una artroplastia. Es un evento poco frecuente, usualmente causado por especies de Staphylococcus. La tuberculosis protésica es una entidad poco habitual. Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de 41 años sometida a un reemplazo de cadera por una artrosis y después de múltiples procedimientos se documentó una infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura de los casos previamente reportados.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis in an HIV-positive patient: a case report

The authors report a case of a 38-year-old HIV-positive woman, with subcutaneous nodules on the thoracic region with 3 months of evolution. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological features were evaluated and associated with apparent damage to the T11-T12 vertebrae, identification by imaging tests, positivity in a polymerase chain reaction-based test, and reactivity to the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (PPD-RT 23). The patient was diagnosed with osteoarticular tuberculosis and received treatment for a year, and clinical cure was achieved.

Primary diaphyseal tuberculous osteomyelitis of tibia

Diaphyseal tubercular osteomyelitis of long bone is extremely rare and few cases have been reported in literature. We are presenting a case of 17 years old girl presented with pain and swelling over lower half of leg for 7 months. There was often low grade fever but no history of weight loss or pulmonary symptoms. X-ray chest was normal. X-rays and MRI of involved leg were suggestive of osteomyelitis. Curettage and biopsy was done, report was suggestive of tuberculous osteomyelitis. As tuberculosis is still common in developing countries, for an osteolytic lesion in bone, tuberculous osteomyelitis should be considered in differential diagnosis

Tuberculous Synovitis of Knee Joint.

Tuberculosis of the appendicular skeleton is an uncommon infection by tubercle bacilli. Thirty percent of the skeletal tuberculosis involves joints, the knee being the third most common joint affected. We report a case of tuberculous synovitis of the knee joint in a 69 years old male. The diagnosis was done by Ziehl – Neelsen stain and culture on Lowenstein – Jensen medium of the synovial fluid along with X-ray finding of the knee joint. Though the sputum sample was negative for AFB, X-ray of the chest showed finding suggestive of old pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was treated with the anti tubercular regimen and responded well .

Artrite de Poncet: relato de caso / Poncet's arthritis: case report

A doença de Poncet é uma condição clínica rara, caracterizada por um acometimento poliarticular em um paciente com diagnóstico de tuberculose, sem evidência de invasão direta do bacilo nas articulações, configurando uma artrite reativa. Documentamos um caso em Porto Alegre: um homem de 56 anos, com evidência de poliartrite aditiva de grandes articulações, investigada há 5 anos, sem diagnóstico definido. Ele havia sido submetido a uma nefrectomia unilateral há 5 anos, e o exame anatomopatológico do órgão revelou tuberculose renal. O teste tuberculínico atual revelou um forte reator (PPD = 20 mm). Análise do líquido sinovial não demonstrou invasão direta do bacilo. Foi instituído tratamento empírico com tuberculostáticos com remissão clínica após 2 meses. Embasados nesses dados, foi feito diagnóstico de doença de Poncet.

Poncet's disease is a rare clinical condition, characterized by polyarticular impairment in a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis, with no evidence of direct bacillary invasion of the joints, constituting reactive arthritis. We report a case of a 56-year old, white male from the city of Porto Alegre, with evidence of additive polyarthritis of the large joints, investigated for five years, and with no defined diagnosis. The patient had undergone unilateral nephrectomy five years before, and the anatomicopathological exam of the specimen revealed renal tuberculosis. The current tuberculin test was strongly reactive (PPD = 20 mm). Analysis of the synovial fluid showed no direct bacillary invasion. Tuberculostatic treatment was initiated and clinical remission occurred after two months. The diagnosis of Poncet's arthritis was established.

Tuberculosis de la muñeca y de la mano / Tuberculosis of the hand and wrist

Introducción: La tuberculosis osteoarticular se observa en la columna, la rodilla y la cadera y, menos a menudo,en las vainas tenosinoviales, y en los huesos de la mano y la muñeca. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar esta patología y su tratamiento, y valorar la técnica de reconstrucción simultánea a largo plazo. Materiales y métodos: El estudio abarca a 19 pacientes tratados en 45 años, correspondientes a: 3 espinas ventosas, 10 tenosinovitis de flexores, 4 tenosinovitis de extensores y 2 artritis de muñeca. Empleamos una metodología diagnóstica moderna y el estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes, sus tratamientos y resultados. Resultados: El tratamiento farmacológico correcto es eficaz en 99 por ciento de los casos para la infección tuberculosa. El quirúrgico acelera la curación y consiste en la resección de los tejidos necróticos y la reconstrucción funcional, primaria o secundaria. La curación de la infección se logra siempre; la recuperación funcional estará en relación con el tipo, la. gravedad y la extensión de la lesión. Conclusiones: Se demuestra la frecuencia de estas patologías en los trabajadores de la carne o que están en contacto diario con hacienda. Se destacan los procedimientos modernos de diagnóstico. Se enfatiza en un tratamiento médico completo en calidad, duración y tipo de fármacos. Se destacan las bondades de los tratamientos quirúrgicos y de la reconstrucción funcional simultánea que propusimos en 1965.

Importância da artroscopia no diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no ombro / The importance of arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in the shoulder

Objetivo: Descrever um caso de infecção por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, comprometendo ombro esquerdo de paciente do sexo masculino, com 24 anos de idade, que referia dor constante, difusa, sem irradiações e fatores de melhora ou piora. A dor se iniciou espontaneamente há três meses, sem história traumática. Métodos: A radiografia de ombro esquerdo não revelou anormalidades e a ressonância magnética da articulação indicou imagem sugestiva de lesão do lábio superior da glenoide. Após tratamento inicial conservador com uso de anti-inflamatório não hormonal e fisioterapia, sem sucesso, foi realizada artroscopia da articulação acometida, desbridando os tecidos inflamados e realizando-se ressecção de material para exame anatomopatológico, o qual teve como resultado granulomas sugestivos de infecção por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por pesquisa de infecção por micobactérias. Foi realizada antibioticoterapia específica para tuberculose, havendo regressão completa do quadro após o término do tratamento. Conclusão: O trabalho destaca a importância do método artroscópico no diagnóstico e tratamento dessa lesão do ombro.

Scapholunate dissociation: a rare presentation of TB wrist in a case of multi-focal skeletal tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis rarely involves wrist joint and is usually diagnosed in arthritic stage. Early presentations are easily confused with traumatic event and commonly missed. We describe a case presenting with scapholunate dissociation initially, which later progressed to full blown arthritis. Similar presentation has never been documented.

Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the long bones and joints.

Skeletal tuberculosis(TB) is usually a rare osteoarticular disease in which bones or joints are involved. We studied 4 such cases admitted to Iranian National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases from 2000 to 2003. In the initial stages of the disease, diagnosis is very difficult and conventional radiographies often reveal nonspecific findings. Our experience in these cases showed that a high index of suspicion is the most important step in early diagnosis of skeletal tuberculosis.